Foreign currencies
i. Functional and presentation currency
The individual financial statements of each entity in the Group are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (“the functional currency”). The consolidated financial statements are presented in Ringgit Malaysia (RM), which is also the Company’s functional currency.
ii. Foreign currency transactions
In preparing the financial statements of the individual entities, transactions in currencies other than the entity’s functional currency (foreign currencies) are recorded in the functional currencies using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions. At each balance sheet date, monetary items denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rates prevailing on the balance sheet date. Non-monetary items carried at fair value that are denominated in foreign currencies are translated at the rates prevailing on the date when the fair value was determined. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in a foreign currency are not translated.
Exchange differences arising on the settlement of monetary items, and on the translation of monetary items, are included in profit or loss for the period except for exchange differences arising on monetary items that form part of the Group’s net investment in foreign operation. Exchange differences arising on monetary items that form part of the Group’s net investment in foreign operation, where that monetary item is denominated in either the functional currency of the reporting entity or the foreign operation, are initially taken directly to the foreign currency translation reserve within equity until the disposal of the foreign operations, at which time they are recognised in profit or loss. Exchange differences arising on monetary items that form part of the Group’s net investment in foreign operation, where that monetary item is denominated in a currency other than the functional currency of either the reporting entity or the foreign operation, are recognised in profit or loss for the period. Exchange differences arising on monetary items that form part of the Company’s net investment in foreign operation, regardless of the currency of the monetary item, are recognised in profit or loss in the Company’s financial statements or the individual financial statements of the foreign operation, as appropriate.
Exchange differences arising on the translation of non-monetary items carried at fair value are included in profit or loss for the period except for the differences arising on the translation of non-monetary items in respect of which gains and losses are recognised directly in equity. Exchange differences arising from such non-monetary items are also recognised directly in equity.
iii. Foreign operations
The results and financial position of foreign operations that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency (RM) of the consolidated financial statements are translated into RM as follows:
− Assets and liabilities for each balance sheet presented are translated at the closing rate prevailing at the balance sheet date;
− Income and expenses for each income statement are translated at average exchange rates for the year, which approximates the exchange rates at the dates of the transactions; and
− All resulting exchange differences are taken to the foreign currency translation reserve within equity.
Goodwill and fair value adjustments arising on the acquisition of foreign operations on or after (day/month/year) are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign operations and are recorded in the functional currency of the foreign operations and translated at the closing rate at the balance sheet date. Goodwill and fair value adjustments which arose on the acquisition of foreign subsidiaries before (day/month/year) are deemed to be assets and liabilities of the parent company and are recorded in RM at the rates prevailing at the date of acquisition.
